D53ConceptList Conceptual Approach

may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantitate aspects of the ideas.

D53ConceptList Conceptual Approach

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may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantitate aspects of the ideas.

may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantitate aspects of the ideas.

Back to D53ConceptList Concept List

• D53ConceptualElements Conceptual elements
  
  gives a more elaborate description of composing elements of the concept.
• D53InnovativeElements Innovative elements
  
  lists and summarizes the innovate elements in the conceptual elements and will link to more elaborate descriptions of these elements elsewhere
• D53Experiments Experiments
  
  are linked to our concepts to verify them
• D53Calculations Calculations
  
  may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantitate aspects of the ideas.

• D53ConceptualElements Conceptual elements gives a more elaborate description of composing elements of the concept.
• D53InnovativeElements Innovative elements lists and summarizes the innovate elements in the conceptual elements and will link to more elaborate descriptions of these elements elsewhere
• D53Experiments Experiments are linked to our concepts to verify them
• D53Calculations Calculations may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantitate aspects of the ideas.

• D53InnovativeElements Innovative elements list and summarizes the innovate elements in the conceptual approach at hand and will link to more elaborate descriptions of these elements elsewhere

• D53Calculations Calculations may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantitate aspects of the ideas.

• D53ConceptualElements Conceptual elements gives a more elaborate description of composing elements of the concept.
• D53InnovativeElements Innovative elements

'''Summary collecting and treating feces and urine

• D53Calculations Calculations may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantative aspects of the ideas.

• D53ConceptualElements Conceptual elements give a more elaborate description of composing elements of the concept.
• D53Experiments Experiments, to verify these ideas are linked to above ideas.
• D53CalculationsCalculations may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantative aspects of the ideas.

Conceptual Approach

Conceptual ideas that rose during our research are described here in general. In support of this conceptual idea, it is linked to the following chapters:

• ConceptualElements Conceptual elements give a more elaborate description of composing elements of the concept.
• Experiments, to verify these ideas are linked to above ideas.
• Calculations may help to get more grip on the present reality as well as on the quantative aspects of the ideas.

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This is a list of conceptual ideas that rose during our research. The ideas are written down quick and dirty although sometimes more detailed

1. D53CalculationOnVolumeAndArea Calculations on volumes and areas to be handled by an excreta treating plant serving 1000 people in a slum.

Phase 2: Urine

This is a list of conceptual ideas that rose during our research. The ideas are written down quick and dirty. and sometimes more detailed

1. D53CalculationOnVolumeAndArea Calculations on volumes and areas to be handled by an excreta treating plant serving 1000 people in a slum. (High Rate Algal Pond principle).

The excreta treating plant is imagined to be in the middle of a circle where thousand people live. The surface of the circle, based on 3000 people per square hectare, is 1000/3000 is 0,33 hectare (3300 m^^2^^). The diameter of the circle in this case is 65 (64,82) meter.

Daily excreta production per person is (text being worked on) of 500 liters of urine and 50 liter of feces. . The average daily production for 1000 people is 500.000/365 = 1370 liter of urine and 50.000/365 = 137 liter of feces.

Phase 1: Feces

Local entrepeneurs provide feces and urine seperating http://www.demotech.org/design/designA.html?d=53ConceptList BathroomBoxes for slum habitants. We assume that, in our case, an entrepeneur can treat the feces of at least 1000 people what is equal to a total amount of 137 liter a day. The entrepeneur collects the urine and feces in the toilets once in the 1 - 2 days by emptying the toilets in a vehicle. On the vehicle are 2 oil drums, 1 for the urine and 1 for the feces. The oil drum with the feces is transported to the workshop of the entrepeneur. For this activities the entrepeneur is paid by his customers.

Local entrepeneurs provide feces and urine seperating D53SeeIt BathroomBoxes for slum habitants. We assume that, in our case, an entrepeneur can treat the feces of at least 1000 people what is equal to a total amount of 137 liter a day. The entrepeneur collects the urine and feces in the toilets once in the 1 - 2 days by emptying the toilets in a vehicle. On the vehicle are 2 oil drums, 1 for the urine and 1 for the feces. The oil drum with the feces is transported to the workshop of the entrepeneur. For this activities the entrepeneur is paid by his customers.

• http://www.demotech.org/design/designA.html?d=53 BathroomBoxes (toilet units)

Business plan

Investments:

• Rent for treatment plot
• BathroomBoxes (toilet units)
• Materials for toilet content collecting vehicle
• Oil drums
• Materials for feces burning oven
• Materials for algal pond *1
• Overhead time starting up

Tasks:

• Collecting rounds with toilet content collecting vehicle
• Managing boys who help in the collecting job
• Storing oil drums with feces near oven
• Emptying urine drums in sewage system/river/wetland/tank *1
• Managing oven (managing drying proces of feces, managing fire, managing ashes)
• Prepare used containers for a new round on the toilet content collecting vehicle

Scale of operation: Starting entrepeneur has to:

1. Buy a small number (<10) of toilets + collecting vehicle
2. Aquire clients in the neighborhood who want to pay for the services
3. Aquire some space for building an oven, storage of oil drums and collection vehicle (9m2)
4. Start services, dump urine *1
5. Extend number of clients

*1 The processing of urine with the help of algae starts in phase 2 of the Bathroombox project

We assume that the urine have to be diluted a maximum of 10 times with (waste)water to produce a good liquid for algae growth. This makes a daily amount of 13.700+1370 = 14.070 liter of liquid ()

A more complex option of treating urine in slums with the help of algae is described below at . The treating of urine with the help of algae can be considered as phase 2 in the businessplan of treating excreta in slums.

Idea #2: A simple way to treat the feces is to collect all feces from 1 day in a ventilated, black, oil drum. After a period of 2 months the feces are so dry that they are easy to burn and the drum can be used again for the same purpose.The amount of properly guarded space for the storage of the drums should be regarded.

Phase 2: Urine

Phase 1: Feces

Feces are the biggest sanitation problem in slums because they contain nearly all pathogens. The most important goal of our research is to remove the pathogens from the slums and create an environment with less diseases.

Local entrepeneurs provide feces and urine seperating toilets (Demotech toilet) for slum habitants. We assume that, in our case, an entrepeneur can treat the feces of at least 1000 people what is equal to a total amount of 137 liter a day. The entrepeneur collects the urine and feces in the toilets once in the 1 - 2 days by emptying the toilets in a vehicle. On the vehicle are 2 oil drums, 1 for the urine and 1 for the feces. The oil drum with the feces is transported to the workshop of the entrepeneur. For this activities the entrepeneur is paid by his customers.

Idea #1: The feces are collected in drums that are placed in an oven (tekening van de oven) and heated until sufficiently dry to be burned. The D53CaloricValue caloric value of the wet feces has to be sufficient for this. The oil drum with the dried feces is taken out of the oven and the content is put on the fire. Important note is that the whole treating proces is no-contact and the pathogens in the feces are killed by the fire in the oven. The amount of ash from the burned feces is very small and easy to be dealt with. The oil drums with the urine can be emptied in a nearby river, sewage system or diluted with water to create a fertilzer. A more complex option of treating urine in slums with the help of algae is described below at (urine) . The treating of urine with the help of algae can be considered as phase 2 in the businessplan of treating excreta in slums.

Idea #2: A simple way to treat the feces is to collect all feces from 1 day in a ventilated, black, oil drum. After a period of 2 months the feces are so dry that they are easy to burn and the drum can be used again for the same purpose.\\The amount of properly guarded space for the storage of the drums should be regarded.

Another option is to put the total amount of feces, 137 liter a day on a compost pile with the same amount of additional green waste, soil, sawdust, etc. for a good composting process. The compost pile need to be well build for a good composting process. In good circumstances (high temperature of 50-60 degrees, ventilated) the compost will be pathogen free in about 2 months. In this case a lot of compost piles will have to be build. After 2 months the compost can be used as a fertilizer on the surrounding farm land. When there are no farming conditions in the area the compost can be re used as part of fresh compost piles to stimulate the composting process. Important note is that the compost piles need to be covered when a lot of rain falls because of water with pathogens may not enter the neighborhood. There also have to be taken measures to keep the compost piles free from rats and other disease spreading animals.

Phase 2: Urine

The treating proces of urine with algae is more difficult then the proces of treating feces by burning them. However the treatment of urine can be very interesting because urine contains a lot of valuable compounds which can be used for soil improvement and/or animal food. We choose for the use of algae in the treating proces because algae can add the valuable compounds (N,P,K).

The urine is collected in oil drums as described at phase 1. The urine is lead in algal ponds and treated in a batch proces. We assume that the urine have to be diluted a maximum of 10 times with (waste)water to produce a good liquid for algae growth. This makes a daily amount of 13.700+1370 = 14.070 liter of liquid (see above).

There has to be a system of at least 2, but possibly 4 ponds, to give the algae the time to grow and add the biggest part of the urine compounds. The waste gasses from the feces treating proces can be used in the algal growing proces. In order to deal with smell problems in the feces treating proces there are ventilation pipes connected to the oil drums when putted in the oven. The pipe for the fresh in-going air has a little electro motor. The outgoing air is led through the urine ponds with a pipe causing CO__2__ and movement to enter the algae process and speeding it up.

When the process is finished the algae can be retrieved from the water with a sieve or by a little centrifuge.
4 Ponds require a total surface area of 4 x 50 m^^2^^ =200 m^^2^^. This is a 200:3300= 6,06 % of the densily populated area to be serviced. Clearly this option of processing urine needs a more effective, space saving method.
The final product, dried algae, can be used as a kind of fertilizer or green material, as it contains useful fertilizer components as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.

Summary phase 1 and 2

The excreta collecting plant consists of 4 algae ponds (seize 4,7 by 10 meter) which can be covered with plastic when heavy rain falls. All ponds represent a different period in the urine treatment process. The ponds are filled with a mixture of urine and waste water which is processed by algae. Movement and CO__2__ enters the process by the ventilation system in the oil drums filled with feces that are drying on the fire. When the algae in the pond have added most of the urine compounds the algae are removed from the pond and dried in a centrifuge. The process can be started again by leading new urine in the pond. The feces in the oil drums are dried in an oven. The dried feces are used as fuel for the fire to dry other drums with feces. When emptied, the drums are filled again with feces. The resulting ash and dried algae can be used as a fertilizer for the surrounding agricultural land.

Concept-list

4 Ponds require a total surface area of 4 x 50 m^^2^^ =200 m^^2^^. This is a 200:3300= 6,06 % of the densily populated area to be serviced. Clearly this option of processing urine needs a more effective method.\\

• 14.070 / 300 = 46,9 m^^2^^. (say 50 m^^2^^)

There has to be a system of at least 2, but possibly 4 ponds, to give the algae the time to grow and add the biggest part of the urine compounds. When the process is finished the algae can be retrieved from the water with a sieve or by a little centrifuge.
4 Ponds require a total surface area of 4 x 50 m^^2^^ =200 m^^2^^. This is a 3300:200= 16.5 % of the densily populated area to be serviced. Clearly this option of processing urine needs a more effective method.\\

Concept-list\\

This is the concept-list which contains ideas that rose during our research. The ideas are written down quick, and because of that, raw. The concepts can be seen as short notes and ideas that are written down because we considered it important at the moment of writing.

We suppose the excreta treating plant to be positioned in the middle of an imaginary circle. The 1000 people of which it treats the excreta live in an imaginable circle round the treating plant. The surface of the circle, when counted for 3000 people per square hectare, is 1000/3000 is 0,33 hectare (3300 m^^2^^). The diameter of the circle in this case is 65 (64,82) meter.

• 14.070 / 300 = 46,9 m^^2^^. (50 m^^2^^

There has to be a system of at least 2, but possibly 4 ponds, to give the algae the time to grow and add the biggest part of the urine compounds. When the process is finished the algae can be retrieved from the water with a little centrifuge.
4 Ponds require a total surface area of 4 x 50 m^^2^^ =200 m^^2^^. This is a 3300:200= 16.5 % of the area to be serviced. Clearly this option of processing urine needs a more effective method.
The final product, dried algae, can be used as a kind of fertilizer or green material, as it contains useful fertilizer components as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.

The total amount of feces produced by thousand people is 137 liter a day.
Idea #1: A simple way to treat the feces is to collect all feces from 1 day in a ventilated, black, oil drum. After a period of 2 months the feces are so dry that they are easy to burn and the drum can be used again for the same purpose.\\The amount of properly guarded space for the storage of the drums should be regarded.
Idea #2: The feces are collected in drums that are placed in an oven and heated until sufficiently dry to be burned. The CaloricValue of the wet feces has to be sufficient for this (see CaloricValue).
In order to deal with smell problems the ventilation shaft for the fresh in-going air has a little electro motor. The outgoing air is led through the urine ponds with a pipe causing CO__2__ and movement to enter the algae process and speeding it up.

When there are no farming conditions in the area the compost can be re used as part of fresh compost piles to stimulate the composting process. Important note is that the compost piles need to be covered when a lot of rain falls because of water with pathogens may not enter the neighborhood.

The excreta collecting plant consists of 4 algae ponds (seize 4,7 by 10 meter) which can be covered with plastic when heavy rain falls. All ponds represent a different period in the urine treatment process. The ponds are filled with a mixture of urine and waste water which is processed by algae. Movement and CO__2__ enters the process by the ventilation system in the oil drums filled with feces. When the algae in the pond have added most of the urine compounds the algae are removed from the pond and dried in a centrifuge. The process can be started again by leading new urine in the pond. The feces in the oil drums are dried in a period of 2 months and burned afterwards. When emptied, the drums are filled again with feces. The resulting ash and dried algae can be used as a fertilizer for the surrounding agricultural land.

Designing a little bag with a sample of algae. This sample can be used to start the converting process of urine in slums. It is important that the algae can survive in the bag so we have to find out which circumstances are needed for algae to survive. Another important note is that we have to find out which kind of algae is best suited for the urine converting process. It is possible that different kinds of algae are needed in different circumstances.

Designing an excreta collecting system in slums. The excreta can be collected daily by a vehicle that needs to have the right size to move through the slump without problems. The collected excreta is separated and the urine is converted with the help of special selected algae. The algae use the compounds in the urine (P,N,K) to grow. The process takes places under transparant plastic sheet at temperatures that rise up to 60-70 degrees Celcius to be sure of fast and total pathogen destruction. When the proces is finished the algae will be dried and can be used as a compound of fertilizer. It is also possible to use the dried algae in the feces converting process because the algae contain a lot of Carbon that stimulates the composting process of feces. The composting process of feces also takes place under thick plastic to reach temperatures of 60-70 degrees Celsius and for fast pathogen destruction.

Designing an excreta collecting system in slums. The excreta can be collected daily by a vehicle that needs to have the right size to move through the slump without problems. The collected excreta is seperated and the urine is converted with the help of special selected algae. The algae use the compounds in the urine (P,N,K) to grow. The proces takes places under thick plastic(temperatures rise up to 60-70 degrees Celcius) to be sure of fast and total pathogen destruction. When the proces is finished the algae are dried and can be used as a compound of fertilizer. It is also possible to use the dried algae in the feces converting proces because the algae contain a lot of Carbon that stimulates the composting proces of feces. The composting proces of feces also takes place under thick plastic ro reach temperatures of 60-70 degrees Celsius and for fast pathogen destruction.

4. Reuse of human manure

back to http://www.demotech.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Design/D53 Bathroombox main site

This is the conceptlist which contains ideas that rose during our research. The ideas are written down quick, and because of that, raw. The concepts can be seen as short notes and ideas that are written down because we considered it important at the moment of writing.

1. Calculations on an excreta treating plant serving 1000 people in a slum. (High Rate Algal Pond principle).

The people density in very crowded slums is 300.000 - 400.000 people per square kilometer (3000 - 4000 per hectare).

We want that the excreta treating plant is positioned in the middle of an imaginable circle. The 1000 people of which it treats the excreta live in an imaginable circle round the treating plant. The surface of the circle, when counted for 3000 people per square hectare, is 1000/3000 is 0,33 hectare (3300 m^^2^^). The diameter of the circle in this case is 65 (64,82)meter.

1 person has an average yearly excreta production of 500 liters of urine and 50 liter of feces. All 1000 people have a yearly production of 500.000 liters of urine and 50.000 liter of feces. The average daily production for 1000 people is 500.000/365 = 1370 liter of urine and 50.000/365 = 137 liter of feces.

Urine

We assume that there is 10 times more (waste)water then urine needed to produce a good liquid for algae growth. This makes a daily amount of 13.700+1370 = 14.070 liter of liquid.

The surface of the algal pond, when 30 cm deep, has to be:

• With a depth of 30 cm, 1 m^^2^^ contains 300 liters of liquid.
• 14.070 / 300 = 46,9 m^^2^^.
• The pool size = 10 meter in length and 4,69 meter in width.

There has to be a system of at least 2, but possibly 4 ponds, to give the algae the time to grow and add the biggest part of the urine compounds. When the proces is finished the algae can be retrieved from the water with a little centrifuge. The final product, dried algae, can be used as a compound of fertizer because it contains a lot of usefull fertilizer compounds such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potasium.

Feces

The total amount of feces produced by thousand people is 137 liter a day. The easiest way to get rid of the feces is to collect all feces from 1 day in a ventilated, black, oil drum. After a period of 2 months the feces are so dry that they are easy to burn and the drum can be used again for the same purpose. In order to deal with smell problems the ventilation shaft for the fresh ingoing air has a little electro motor. The outgoing air is led through the urine ponds with a pipe causing CO__2__ and movement to enter the algae proces and speeding it up.

Another option is to put the total amount of feces, 137 liter a day on a compost pile with the same amount of additional green waste, soil, etc. for a good composting process. The compost pile need to be well build for a good composting process. In good circumstances (high temperature of 50-60 degrees, ventilated) the compost will be pathogen free in about 2 months. In this case a lot of compost piles will have to be build. After 2 months the compost can be used as a fertilizer on the surrounding farm land. When there are no farming conditions in the area the compost can be re used as part of fresh compost piles to stimulate the composting proces. Important note is that the compostpiles need to be covered when a lot of rain falls because of water with pathogens may not enter the neighborhood.

Summary

The excreta collecting plant consists of 4 algae ponds (seize 4,7 by 10 meter) which can be covered with plastic when heavy rain falls. All ponds represent a different period in the urine treatment proces. The ponds are filled with a mixture of urine and waste water which is processed by algae. Movement and CO__2__ enters the proces by the ventilation system in the oil drums filled with feces. When the algae in the pond have added most of the urine compounds the algae are removed from the pond and dried in a centrifuge. The proces can be started again by leading new urine in the pond. The feces in the oil drums are dried in a period of 2 months and burned afterwards. When emptied, the drums are filled again with feces. The resulting ash and dried algae can be used as a fertilzer for the surrounding agricultural land.

2. Prepared units with algae

Designing a little bag with a sample of algae. This sample can be used to start the converting proces of urine in slums. It is important that the algae can survive in the bag so we have to find out which circumstances are needed for algae to survive. Another important note is that we have to find out which kind of algae is best suited for the urine converting proces. It is possible that different kinds of algae are needed in different circumstances.

4. Reuse of (human)manure Designing an excreta collecting system in slums. The excreta can be collected daily by a vehicle that needs to have the right size to move through the slump without problems. The collected excreta is seperated and the urine is converted with the help of special selected algae. The algae use the compounds in the urine (P,N,K) to grow. The proces takes places under thick plastic(temperatures rise up to 60-70 degrees Celcius) to be sure of fast and total pathogen destruction. When the proces is finished the algae are dried and can be used as a compound of fertilizer. It is also possible to use the dried algae in the feces converting proces because the algae contain a lot of Carbon that stimulates the composting proces of feces. The composting proces of feces also takes place under thick plastic ro reach temperatures of 60-70 degrees Celsius and for fast pathogen destruction.

back to http://www.demotech.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Design/D53 Bathroombox main site

back too http://www.demotech.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Design/D53 Bathroombox main site

Conceptlist

This is the conceptlist which contains ideas that rose during our research. The ideas are written down quick, and because of that, raw. The concepts can be seen as short notes and ideas that are written down because we considered it important at the moment of writing.

back too http://www.demotech.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Design/D53 Bathroombox main site